Low-carbon coordinated dispatch of a source–grid–load–storage system considering a carbon emission responsibility factor and vehicle-to-grid interaction

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Conventional coordinated dispatch of source–grid–load–storage systems is largely driven by electricity prices, limiting its ability to reflect time-varying carbon responsibility in electricity consumption and to fully utilize the low-carbon flexibility of resources such as electric vehicles. To address these limitations, this study develops a low-carbon coordinated dispatch framework for a source–grid–load–storage system by integrating the carbon emission responsibility factor (CERF) with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction. In the pre-dispatch stage, system operating costs are minimized to determine baseline schedules for individual system components, from which the time-varying CERF is calculated. In the re-dispatch stage, the CERF is used as a low-carbon guidance signal to coordinate V2G participation and other flexible resources. A multi-objective optimization model incorporating carbon and green certificate trading mechanisms is then formulated to balance system economic performance and load regulation capability. Scenario comparisons show that the CERF guides flexible electricity consumption toward periods with lower carbon responsibility, while V2G provides the bidirectional charging and discharging flexibility required for low-carbon dispatch. Compared with the benchmark scenario, the coordinated application of the CERF and V2G reduces total system operating costs, carbon emissions, and the peak-to-valley load difference by 3.87%, 13.78%, and 58.50%, respectively. These results indicate that combining carbon-responsibility-based guidance with V2G flexibility can achieve a coordinated balance among economic performance, low-carbon operation, and load regulation.