Bridging Building Information Modelling, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence: A review based on a life-cycle analysis

Recently, the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is attracting growing interest in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. This technological convergence allows for more intelligent, automated and connected practices across the building life cycle. While previous reviews have examined BIM, AI, and IoT separately or focused mainly on design and construction, this study provides a comprehensive, life-cycle-oriented perspective on BIM-AI-IoT research. This article presents a systematic literature review that was further analysed qualitatively and thematically on 151 publications found in Scopus and Web of Science from 2019 to 2025. The studies are classified into five categories; standalone BIM applications, AI applications in BIM, BIM-IoT integration, BIM-AI-IoT synergies and Technological frameworks and workflow. The first three categories are further analysed across design, construction, operation, facilities management and demolition. The findings provide a structured overview of the state of the art, identifying underexplored areas and research opportunities. The results indicate that the synergies between BIM, AI and IoT are primarily applied in design and construction, and less during the operation and demolition phase, despite the high potential of such synergies in these phases. Interoperability challenges, data governance and lack of validated frameworks constrain progress.