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In order to establish methods for the growth of large, high-quality crystals of ferroelectric bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12, the Czochralski, flux evaporation, fluxed horizontal gradient freeze, and vertical gradient flux techniques were investigated. Best results were obtained with the vertical gradient flux technique. It was found with this technique that the cooling rate and the negative vertical temperature gradient at the surface of the melt were important factors in determining the size and quality of the crystals. The purity of the starting materials was found to affect the ease with which the crystals could be poled.
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Frank A. Lewis (1970) studied this question.
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