How LGBTQI+ Became the Agenda for Policy Makers: A Policy Desk Review from Nepal

Introduction Evidence on how issues related to LGBTQI+ are prioritized in national policy processes is limited despite increasing global attention to LGBTQI+ rights. This study explores the factors influencing the development of LGBTQI+ related policies in Nepal, the perceived policy gaps, and challenges in implementation. Methods Using Kingdon’s Policy Streams Approach, the research undertook a comprehensive review of national and global documents published between 1854 and 2023 supplemented by key informant interviews (KIIs). Document and interview data were coded thematically and mapped onto the problem, policy, and politics streams to examine how their convergence created policy windows. Results The findings indicate that HIV epidemic, persistent advocacy by LGBTQI+ activists and supportive I/NGOs, and LGBTQI+ representation in political spaces contributed to placing these issues on Nepal’s policy agenda. However, significant implementation gaps remain, partly due to societal stigma, lack of institutional accountability, and limited political will. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Nepal to document the agenda setting process for LGBTQI+ inclusion in national policies. Conclusions The study underscores the need for continued advocacy, institutional reform, and inclusive representation to ensure that the rights of LGBTQI+ community are not only recognized but also effectively implemented. Policy Implication Policymakers should strengthen enforcement and institutional accountability, allocate adequate resources for inclusive services, address stigma and discrimination, improve implementation monitoring, and ensure meaningful LGBTQI+ participation in policy development and decision-making.