Formulation and bioactivity evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Coriandrum sativum leaves extract via design of experiments

Objective This study aimed to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract as a green reducing and capping agent and to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities.Significance The study highlights an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for nanoparticle synthesis, reducing the use of toxic chemicals and offering potential applications in nanotechnological fields.Methods Nanoparticles were synthesized and optimized using a response-surface design. Characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the well-diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through free radical scavenging assays compared with ascorbic acid.Results The nanoparticles were smooth, spherical, and ranged from 10–40 nm with minimal agglomeration. X-ray diffraction confirmed the anatase crystalline phase. The nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial activity and notable antioxidant potential. The IC50 value determined from the DPPH radical-scavenging assay was 2.96 µg/mL, indicating a strong antioxidant effect of the TiO2 nanoparticles.Conclusions Green-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles exhibit effective antibacterial and antioxidant properties, demonstrating promising potential for nanotechnological applications.