Green Innovation for Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies: The Roles of Organizational Culture, Leadership, and Strategic Capabilities

This study examines organizational and strategic factors associated with green innovation performance (GIP) in Pakistan's manufacturing sector. Drawing on the resource‐based view (RBV), dynamic capabilities view (DCV), and componential theory of creativity (CTC), it develops an integrated resource‐to‐culture‐to‐performance framework linking green intellectual capital (GIC), environmental consciousness (EC), and green creativity (GCT) with GIP through green organizational culture (GOC), while testing green transformational leadership (GTL) and green competitive advantage (GCA) as boundary conditions. Survey data from 575 managerial respondents were analyzed using PLS‐SEM, complemented by necessary condition analysis (NCA) and importance‐performance map analysis (IPMA). GIC, EC, and GCT were positively associated with GOC, and GOC was positively associated with GIP. The indirect effects through GOC were significant, while all four interaction terms were positive and significant. NCA effect sizes were significant and exceeded 0.10 for all six examined conditions, with bottleneck analysis identifying progressively higher requirements at higher desired GIP levels. IPMA identified GCA as having the highest total‐effect importance, whereas GOC combined relatively high importance with lower performance. The findings provide context‐specific evidence that green resources, awareness, creativity, culture, leadership, and competitive conditions operate as complementary elements of green innovation performance in Pakistan's manufacturing sector.