Catalytic Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass to Furfural: Reaction Pathways, Catalyst‐Solvent Synergy, and Process Challenges

Conversion of cellulose for the production of furanics and levulinates presents a significant opportunity to improve biomass valorization, highlighting a potential area for industrial innovation. However, the catalytic production of furfural from celulosic biomass has diverse applications in the chemical and energy sectors. But, it presents significant challenges in terms of selectivity and efficiency. In this regard, the study outlines existing challenges and highlights recent advancements in the production of furfural from cellulosic biomass. The study emphasizes the efficient utilization of cellulose, which constitutes a larger portion of lignocellulosic biomass, to enhance furfural yield and overall biomass valorization, representing a vital area for future research and industrial advancement. This review aims to address advances in catalyst design, solvent systems, and reaction engineering, alongside mechanistic insights into the transformation of hexose sugars into furfural. By integrating these perspectives, the review identifies strategic opportunities to overcome selectivity barriers and scale sustainable furfural production from cellulose-rich feedstocks.