Research Progress in Utilization of Heterogeneous Porous Solid Catalysts for the Catalytic Conversion of Lignocellulose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural: Synthesis, Catalytic Performance, and Challenges

Given the depletion of fossil resources and growing environmental concerns, the development of high‐value platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a sustainable alternative. Among these, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) stands out as a versatile precursor for applications spanning biofuels, polymer engineering, and pharmaceutical synthesis. Heterogeneous porous solid catalysts have shown remarkable catalytic performance in biomass conversion due to their increased surface area, enhanced stability, and higher product selectivity. This review comprehensively analyzes the recent advancements in the utilization of heterogeneous porous solid catalysts for the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into 5‐HMF, mapping current strategies and technologies in the heterogeneous lignocellulose transformation. The focus is mainly on factors such as porous structure, specific surface area, support properties, active sites, and their influence on the catalyst performance with some justifications. In particular, the effects of different porous structures (microporous, mesoporous, macroporous, and hierarchical porous) on specific surface area, mass transfer efficiency, catalytic activity, and product selectivity are extensively discussed. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the reusability of heterogeneous porous solid catalysts, which contributes to the reduction of waste in industrial chemical processes, energy conservation, environmental protection, and sustainability. Advantages and limitations of porous solid catalysts with diverse porous structures in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to 5‐HMF are also evaluated in this review. Lastly, key recommendations are provided regarding the current status, challenges, and future prospects, emphasizing the opportunities and obstacles associated with the low‐cost synthesis and large‐scale application of heterogeneous porous solid catalysts in industrial green production.