The cardiometabolic predictive value of anthropometric parameters, vascular ultrasound indexes and fat depots among patients with high cardiovascular risk: an 8-year prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION: Adiposity has a few phenotypes associated with various levels of risk for diabetes mellitus (DM), but their exact predictive value is not well understood. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the predictive value of anthropometric parameters, vascular ultrasound indexes, and fat depots for long‑term cardiometabolic risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 150 patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) scheduled for elective coronary angiography were enrolled and a comprehensive clinical and ultrasound assessment of adiposity was performed (2012-2013). Of them, 143 individuals were followed for 8 years for insulin resistance (IR) and / or DM development. RESULTS: At baseline, DM and prediabetes were found in 22% and 8% of the patients, respectively. It was established that 11.7% of the participants died during the follow‑up. The rate of DM increased to 46% with a decrease in the prediabetes rate (3.5%). Significant correlations with the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and glycated hemoglobin were observed for major anthropometric and ultrasound variables. In the multivariable analysis, independent predictors of IR were preperitoneal fat thickness (PreFT) (per 10mm increase: odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% CI, 1.22-2.33; P = 0.003) and body surface area (per 0.1m2 increase: OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.11-2.39; P = 0.02). DM was independently predicted by the high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87-0.97; P = 0.005) and body fat mass (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: A complex assessment of the adipose tissue in patients with CCS is a valuable method for improving metabolic risk stratification. Some anthropometric and ultrasound parameters, such as PreFT or body surface area, were associated with IR and DM development.