Dietary chlorogenic acid and digestive health: sources, bioavailability, antioxidant mechanisms and intervention potential

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a dietary phenolic compound that is widely distributed in plant-based foods and is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review summarizes the dietary sources, processing stability, bioavailability, metabolism, and health-related effects of CGA, focusing on oxidative stress and digestive health. CGA and related chlorogenic acids are widely distributed in coffee, tea, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal food homologous plants, but its stability is influenced by temperature, light, and pH. After ingestion, the bioavailability of CGA is limited, and it is extensively metabolized to generate bioactive derivatives. Its health-related effects are associated with reactive oxygen species regulation, Nrf2/ARE activation, inflammatory signaling, and cellular homeostasis. The current evidence suggests that CGA may support digestive health. However, its low bioavailability and limited clinical evidence remain challenges. Future studies should focus on delivery strategies and intervention in humans.