Activity-related skeletal changes at the olecranon tip in three individuals from the Iron Age cemetery in Hallstatt, Austria

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe and interpret specific pathological alterations at the elbow as observed in the special context of the Iron Age cemetery at Hallstatt, Austria. MATERIALS: The study examined skeletal remains from 64 adult individuals from the Iron Age cemetery at Hallstatt Hochtal. METHODS: A macroscopic analysis was conducted to identify bony changes in the elbow region. Measurements of asymmetry and 3D surface scans were used to provide an additional visualisation of the changes. RESULTS: Approximately 14 % (n = 3) of the individuals with preserved right olecranon (n = 22) exhibit distinct lesions at the olecranon tip. These changes are likely biomechanical in origin. CONCLUSIONS: The lesions observed at the tip of the olecranon potentially result from posterior elbow impingement, a condition caused by repetitive and abnormal contact of the olecranon with the olecranon fossa. Movements requiring hyperextension and supination of the forearm, like in overhead throwing, can explain their location. They may relate to combat or hunting activities. SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents a rare type of elbow lesion, providing important insights into the Hallstatt culture. Similar lesions may also occur in other bioarchaeological populations and cultural contexts. We aim to stimulate further research on their distribution. LIMITATIONS: The fragmentary preservation of skeletal remains from the Hallstatt Hochtal cemetery may obscure the actual frequency in the group. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The diagnostic and interpretive approach can be applied to other bioarchaeological populations to enhance our understanding of paleopathology, behavior, biomechanics, and sociocultural practices in ancient groups.