This study aims to analyze the implementation of health law in guaranteeing the right to healthcare services for communities in underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost (3T) regions and to identify the factors affecting its implementation. The study is motivated by persistent disparities in healthcare access despite the existence of a legal framework under Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health and its implementing regulations. This normative legal research employs statutory, conceptual, and case approaches with descriptive-analytical analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings demonstrate that Article 28H paragraph (1) and Article 34 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, together with the Health Law, establish obligations for central and regional governments to guarantee healthcare services. Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024 and Presidential Regulation Number 72 of 2012 also regulate healthcare administration and the allocation of governmental authority to fulfill these rights. However, implementation remains ineffective due to institutional weaknesses and inadequate intergovernmental coordination affecting the distribution of health workers, facilities, financing, and access to services. The novelty of this study lies in demonstrating that the effectiveness of health-rights protection in 3T regions depends on institutional capacity to operationalize the division of authority between central and regional governments, rather than merely on the completeness of the regulatory framework. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis implementasi hukum kesehatan dalam menjamin hak pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat di wilayah tertinggal, terdepan, dan terluar (3T) serta mengidentifikasi faktor yang memengaruhi pelaksanaannya. Penelitian dilatarbelakangi oleh masih adanya kesenjangan akses pelayanan kesehatan meskipun telah tersedia kerangka hukum melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan dan peraturan pelaksananya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus serta analisis deskriptif-analitis terhadap bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 28H ayat (1) dan Pasal 34 ayat (3) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 serta UU Kesehatan telah memberikan landasan kewajiban bagi pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam menjamin pelayanan kesehatan. PP Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 dan Perpres Nomor 72 Tahun 2012 juga mengatur penyelenggaraan dan pembagian kewenangan dalam pemenuhan hak tersebut. Namun, implementasinya belum efektif karena kelemahan kelembagaan dan koordinasi antarpemerintahan yang berdampak pada distribusi tenaga kesehatan, fasilitas, pembiayaan, dan akses pelayanan. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada penegasan bahwa efektivitas perlindungan hak kesehatan di daerah 3T bergantung pada kapasitas kelembagaan dalam mengoperasionalkan pembagian kewenangan pusat dan daerah, bukan semata-mata pada kelengkapan regulasi.
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Sukrisno et al. (2026) studied this question.
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