Nanohydroxyapatite-activated carbon composite as delivery system for antifungal bioactive compounds against Ganoderma boninense

This study developed a nanohydroxyapatite–activated carbon (nHA–AC) composite as delivery system for bioactive compounds (phenazine, and nystatin as a reference) to inhibit Ganoderma boninense growth. Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) was synthesized via a microwave-assisted method under optimal condition at pH 9 and subsequently combined with activated carbon (AC) to form nHA–AC composites. Structural and morphological characterizations using XRD, FTIR, and SEM confirmed successful synthesis of the composites, while zeta potential analysis indicated good composite stability. Antifungal assays showed highest inhibition rates up to 72.30% for free nystatin and 72.30% for phenazine loaded composite (nHA–AC2-P). Release studies demonstrated sustained bioactive compounds delivery over 28 days, with maximum release of 72.22% nystatin from nHA–AC2-N and 80.98% of phenazine from nHA–AC1-P. These results indicate that nHA–AC composites are promising environmentally friendly carriers for slow-release antifungal bioactive compounds against G. boninense .