Interfacial Mechanisms, Influencing Factors and Research Progress of Nanocomposite Membranes for Synergistic Removal of PFAS and Antibiotics in Water

Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and antibiotics are two typical emerging water contaminants, and conventional water treatment processes hardly achieve their simultaneous deep removal. Nanocomposite membranes couple polymer‑based size‑exclusion filtration with interfacial adsorption of nanofillers, which can treat PFAS‑antibiotic co‑contaminated water synergistically and have become a research hotspot for emerging pollutant remediation. This paper illustrates the interfacial interaction mechanisms between PFAS, antibiotics and nanocomposite membranes, summarizes material features of carbon‑based, MOF, two‑dimensional layered and organic‑modified fillers as well as regulation rules for membrane fabrication, and analyzes the adsorption‑filtration synergistic removal mechanisms. The effects of membrane structure, water matrix and operating parameters on treatment performance are discussed. Current bottlenecks including insufficient direct experimental data under co‑contamination conditions and unclear site competition as well as long‑term stability are pointed out. Prospects are proposed for material optimization, real‑water tests and practical engineering applications.