Factors Determining the Participation of Private Military and Security Companies in 21st-Century Armed Conflicts and the Resulting Challenges for State Actors

In the 21st century, we are witnessing a marked increase in the involvement of private military and security companies in ongoing armed conflicts. This trend stems from a variety of factors, including the growing commercialization of security and changes in the nature of modern warfare. States increasingly turn to private actors to fill gaps in military capabilities, enhance operational flexibility, reduce costs, and limit the political risks associated with deploying regular armed forces. However, the activities of private entities also pose numerous challenges for the states that contract their services and exert a direct influence on the socio‑political situation in conflict zones. The aim of this article is to identify the factors shaping the growing involvement of private military and security companies in 21st‑century conflicts and to outline the resulting challenges for state actors.