The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support in the Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence and Depression Among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Nepal: Challenges and Recommendations for Social Support

Sexual and gender minorities (SGM) are at higher risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health problems due to their minority status. Social support from family and friends can assist in preventing IPV and mitigating its mental consequences. This study aimed to assess whether perceived social support mediates or moderates the association between IPV and depression among SGM in Nepal, as well as identify the challenges faced by SGM in seeking social support and recommendations to address these issues. A cross- sectional convergent mixed-method study was conducted among SGM residing in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 122 participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling from February to May 2024. Descriptive analysis showed that approximately 33.6% of participants were experiencing depression, 86.9% experienced at least one form of IPV in their lifetime, and 74.4% of participants perceived low to moderate social support. Perceived social support mediated 16.5% of the association between IPV and depression, accounting for a modest proportion of the observed association, and no moderating effect was observed. Participants reported that they did not seek social support because of concerns about confidentiality, fear of negative perceptions, and hatred by people. To improve social support, participants recommended fostering acceptance from family and friends and creating safe and inclusive spaces. Overall, our findings showed that the association between IPV and depression is influenced by perceived social support among SGM in Nepal. Efforts aiming to strengthen social support should be a priority to reduce IPV and its mental health consequences among SGM in Nepal.