Functional Surgery for Malignant Laryngeal Tumors

The lecture systematizes modern concepts of the evolution and clinical application of functional (organ-preserving) surgical methods for early and moderately advanced stages (categories T1–T3) of squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma. The historical origins and anatomical-physiological rationale of conservative interventions are reviewed in detail. The preservation of breathing, swallowing, and phonation functions relies fundamentally on verifying the integrity of at least one mobile cricoarytenoid unit and achieving negative (clear) surgical margins. A comparative analysis evaluates the efficacy of open cordectomy, vertical, and horizontal partial laryngectomies against transoral laser microsurgery and radiation therapy, particularly in the context of salvage surgery for tumor recurrence. Special emphasis is placed on the innovative direction in oncological laryngology—the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, deep learning methods (DL, CNN), radiomics, and virtual surgical planning (VSP). The potential of AI is demonstrated in highly accurate preoperative staging, mathematical prediction of oncological outcomes, and personalization of phonapedic rehabilitation for patients.