Evaluating Low-Emission Zones in India for health, equity and long-term sustainability outcomes

Air pollution in Indian cities, mainly Delhi NCR, causes severe health impacts, including higher respiratory and neurodevelopmental risks among children. Low-emission zones (LEZs) have successfully reduced PM2.5, NO2, and related morbidity in cities like London and Berlin. This study assesses the applicability of LEZs in India, using evidence from proposed and modelled interventions, with particular focus on Pimpri-Chinchwad and other Indian city contexts. Modelled scenarios indicate that standalone LEZ scenarios provide limited improvement. However, integrated packages including public transport enhancement, freight-routing reforms, and end-of-life vehicle (ELV) scrappage coupled with circular-economy measures are projected to achieve PM2.5 reductions of 22–52%, NOx reductions of 12–43%, and more equitable exposure outcomes, while also providing environmental and socio-economic benefits through formalized recycling and waste reduction. Context-specific design, stakeholder engagement, and financial support for informal and low-income workers are vital. Integrating LEZs with circular-economy and fleet-modernization programs can further enhance environmental, health, and socio-economic benefits. This integrated approach provides a practical, context-sensitive pathway towards cleaner, healthier, and more equitable Indian cities.