Digital Competency and Student Engagement: A Literature Review on Deep Learning Integration in Primary Education

This research presents a literature review that investigates how digital competencies relate to student engagement, particularly in the integration of deep learning in primary education. Drawing on findings from a diverse range of peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2025, this review highlights that digital proficiency, including digital literacy, skills, and creativity, is closely associated with students’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement. The effective use of digital resources, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and adaptive learning systems, promotes critical thinking and facilitates deep learning. The findings show that students with advanced digital capabilities demonstrate greater concentration and enthusiasm, whereas those with limited skills and autonomy are more likely to disengage and exhibit off-task behaviors online. Additional factors, such as personalized learning, social and emotional engagement, and teacher’s digital expertise also influence this relationship. Identified challenges include digital disparities, insufficient teacher preparation, and distractions from non-educational digital activities. To address these challenges, targeted digital literacy initiatives and improvements in curriculum design are recommended. In summary, this review highlights the complex relationship between digital competencies and student engagement, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive curriculum integration and teacher support to enhance learning outcomes through deep learning approaches in primary education.