Fusion confusion: What makes fusion energy hard to grasp and how communicators might respond

Fusion energy is widely discussed as a promising long-term solution to global energy and climate challenges, yet public understanding of the technology remains limited. While much of the science and energy communication literature focuses on comprehension barriers among lay and non-expert audiences, empirical studies examining communication and comprehension barriers in fusion science remain scarce, particularly in the United States. Drawing on research identifying jargon and technical complexity as key barriers to understanding, this study investigates whether non-expert audiences struggle to understand fusion-related information, why, how they interpret key fusion concepts and jargon, and which communication strategies support clearer understanding and greater trust. We conducted an online survey of U.S. adults, complemented by semi-structured interviews with a highly educated sample. Results show widespread awareness of fusion energy but persistent uncertainty about its safety and feasibility. Participants frequently struggled with technical ideas, jargon, and comprehension, with these difficulties associated with gender, science-related employment, and education level. Comprehension barriers were evident even among highly educated respondents, suggesting that difficulties arise not only from limited public knowledge but also from how fusion science is communicated. The results indicate that effective communication strategies must address jargon and technical complexity to improve clarity and credibility. As fusion research moves closer to commercialization, improving the accessibility and depth of communication, particularly regarding safety and feasibility, will be essential for fostering informed public engagement and sustaining long-term societal support for this emerging energy technology.