Teacher implementation of active outdoor play-based learning: a systematic review of pedagogical models and practices

Active outdoor play-based learning (AOPL) integrates outdoor environments and methods for play-based learning, which serve to enhance student well-being and learning outcomes. Despite the growing recognition of the benefits for cognitive, social-emotional, and physical growth, the implementation of AOPL in school settings remains underexplored. This systematic review synthesizes 21 empirical studies to identify patterns across the research, investigating how teachers implement this type of pedagogy within formal education. Findings highlight diverse approaches to integrating play and curricula across varied contexts. We synthesize key patterns related to the teacher’s role in facilitating play, the importance of interdisciplinary outdoor learning, and the influence of local environments. This review contributes to emerging conversations on outdoor learning by proposing practical strategies for educators and highlights the need for further research to develop consistent frameworks and effective practices for AOPL implementation.