Restorative Justice Pada Tindak Pidana Merek dan Indikasi Geografis (Pendekatan Normatif terhadap Perlindungan Pemegang Hak, Konsumen, Persaingan Usaha, dan Kepentingan Publik)

The development of restorative justice within the Indonesian criminal justice system reflects a paradigm shift from a punitive approach to a restorative approach. However, its application to trademark and geographical indication crimes raises legal concerns because these offenses involve not only the interests of rights holders but also consumer protection, fair business competition, and broader public interests. This study examines the regulation and limitations of restorative justice in resolving trademark and geographical indication crimes within the Indonesian criminal justice system. The study employs the Theory of the Objectives of Law developed by Gustav Radbruch and John Rawls, as well as the Restorative Justice Theory proposed by Howard Zehr and Tony Marshall. This research adopts a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that the regulation of restorative justice under Indonesian positive law remains general in nature and has not specifically established limitations for its application to trademark and geographical indication crimes. Unlike restorative justice in ordinary criminal offenses, which primarily focuses on restoring individual losses, its application to trademark and geographical indication crimes must also consider consumer protection, fair business competition, product reputation, and the public interest. The study concludes that restorative justice may be applied on a limited basis to certain trademark infringement cases but should be subject to stricter limitations in geographical indication cases due to their broader public interest implications. Therefore, more specific regulations are required to establish clear limitations on the application of restorative justice in trademark and geographical indication crimes in order to ensure legal certainty, justice, and legal expediency.