Paradigma Shallow Ecology dan Deep Ecology dalam Kebijakan Hukum Lingkungan: Analisis Kerusakan Mangrove di Teluk Benoa

Environmental degradation has become a critical issue in modern legal discourse, particularly in relation to natural resource management and sustainable development policies. The damage to mangrove ecosystems in Benoa Bay, Bali, allegedly caused by hydrocarbon contamination from energy distribution activities, illustrates the conflict between economic development interests and environmental protection. In the context of legal philosophy, this phenomenon reflects the dominance of the shallow ecology paradigm, which views nature primarily as an instrument for human economic interests, rather than the deep ecology paradigm that recognizes the intrinsic value of nature and the interconnectedness between humans and ecosystems. Previous studies have generally examined mangrove ecosystem degradation from ecological, environmental management, or policy implementation perspectives. However, limited attention has been given to philosophical analysis regarding how legal paradigms influence environmental policy and environmental governance. This study aims to analyze how the paradigms of shallow ecology and deep ecology influence environmental legal policies and how these paradigms can explain the occurrence of mangrove ecosystem degradation in Benoa Bay. This research uses a normative juridical method with a philosophical and conceptual approach. The locus of the study focuses on the mangrove ecosystem in Benoa Bay as a case study of environmental degradation. Data were obtained through literature studies of legal regulations, environmental law doctrines, scientific publications, and previous research findings. The analysis was conducted through qualitative and normative interpretation by examining legal principles related to environmental protection, particularly those contained in Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. The findings indicate that environmental policies that prioritize economic growth tend to reflect the shallow ecology paradigm, which potentially weakens environmental protection mechanisms. The novelty of this research lies in its philosophical analysis of environmental law by emphasizing the importance of integrating the deep ecology paradigm into environmental policy-making and legal enforcement. The study recommends strengthening environmental governance, enhancing supervision of environmental permits and environmental impact assessments, and incorporating ecological justice principles into environmental law policies. Future research is encouraged to develop interdisciplinary approaches that integrate environmental philosophy, environmental law, and sustainable development frameworks