Association between hypertension and microvascular and macrovascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Q: What are the key findings of this study?

Hypertension was significantly associated with higher rates of nephropathy (32.8% vs. 14.2%; OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.91-4.58; p<0.001) and other vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Q: What is the clinical evidence from this study?

Study design: Cross-Sectional. Population: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=500). Intervention: Hypertension vs. No hypertension. Primary outcome: Diabetic nephropathy (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.91-4.58, p=<0.001).

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

Hypertension is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of microvascular complications (notably nephropathy) and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.CONFIRMATORY. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

Q: What question did this study set out to answer?

To assess the association between hypertension and microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Asmae Salhi; Hanae Bakmizi; Rania El Amel; Latifa Boutaybi; Nisrine Bouichrat; Siham Rouf; Hanane Latrech

doi:10.15386/mpr-2978

October 29, 2026Medicine and Pharmacy ReportsOpen Access

Association between hypertension and microvascular and macrovascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

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Key result

Hypertension is linked to ~3-fold higher odds of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.

OR 2.96
95% CI 1.91-4.58
P<0.001
n=500

Why the study?

Hypertension frequently coexists with type 2 diabetes and may contribute to the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Does the presence of hypertension increase the prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Key Points

To assess the association between hypertension and microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Retrospective cross-sectional study reviewing medical records of 500 patients with type 2 diabetes from a single endocrinology, diabetology, and nutrition department.
Patients were grouped and compared based on the presence of hypertension (n = 204) versus the absence of hypertension (n = 296).
Nephropathy was significantly more frequent among patients with hypertension than among those without (32.8% vs. 14.2%; OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.91–4.58; p < 0.001).
Patients with hypertension had higher rates of retinopathy (30.9% vs. 19.9%; p = 0.005), neuropathy (22.5% vs. 12.2%; p = 0.002), coronary artery disease (34.3% vs. 19.9%; p < 0.001), and cerebrovascular accident (9.3% vs. 2.4%; p < 0.001).
Higher hypertension grades were significantly associated with peripheral arterial disease (p < 0.001) and cerebrovascular accident (p = 0.008), while longer diabetes duration was associated with retinopathy, neuropathy, and stroke.

Study Design

Type

Cross-Sectional (n=500)

Multicenter

No

Structured PICO

Does the presence of hypertension increase the prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes?

P

Population

500 patients with poorly controlled or complicated type 2 diabetes (mean age 58.3 years, 65% female) evaluated retrospectively over a 6-year period at a single center in Morocco.

E

Exposure

Presence of hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive therapy; n=204)

C

Comparator

Absence of hypertension (patients with T2D without hypertension; n=296)

O

Outcome

Prevalence of microvascular complications (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accident, and peripheral arterial disease)hard clinical

Main Result

Odds Ratio: 2.96 (95% CI 1.91–4.58)

Absolute Event Rate: 32.8% vs 14.2%

p-value: p=<0.001

In a Moroccan cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes, coexisting hypertension was significantly associated with a higher burden of both microvascular (nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accident) complications, underscoring the need for integrated cardiometabolic risk management.

Limitations

Retrospective and cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causal associations
Potential information bias due to reliance on medical records and missing data
Single-center design and relatively small sample size limit generalizability
Associations were based on unadjusted bivariate analyses without multivariable adjustment for confounders such as age and diabetes duration
Single-center design, relatively small sample size, and socioeconomic factors may limit generalizability
Reported associations were based on unadjusted bivariate analyses without multivariable adjustment for potential confounders such as age and diabetes duration

Implication

Hypertension was associated with higher complication rates in type 2 diabetes; supports integrated monitoring but leaves causal effects and practice change open.

Abstract

Background Hypertension frequently coexists with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and may contribute to the development of diabetic complications. Objective This study aimed to assess the association between hypertension and microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study based on a review of medical records, including 500 patients with T2D followed in the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nutrition. Patients were grouped according to the presence of hypertension, with 204 patients in the hypertension group and 296 patients in the non-hypertension group. Clinical, biological, and complication-related data were collected and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results The mean age was 58.3 ± 12.8 years, and hypertension was present in 40.8% of cases. Poor glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] >10%) was observed in 52.2%. Patients with hypertension had higher frequencies of several microvascular and macrovascular complications compared with patients without hypertension. Nephropathy was more frequent among patients with hypertension than among those without hypertension (32.8% vs. 14.2%; OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.91–4.58; p < 0.001). Higher grades of hypertension were significantly associated with peripheral arterial disease and cerebrovascular accident. Longer diabetes duration was associated with retinopathy, neuropathy, and cerebrovascular accident, whereas longer hypertension duration was significantly associated with peripheral arterial disease. Conclusions Hypertension is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of both microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with T2D. These findings support the importance of early identification and integrated management of hypertension, glycemic control, and other cardiovascular risk factors to reduce the burden of diabetic complications.

Discussion

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Cite This Study

Salhi et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=500). Hypertension vs. No hypertension was evaluated on Diabetic nephropathy (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.91-4.58, p=<0.001). Hypertension was significantly associated with higher rates of nephropathy (32.8% vs. 14.2%; OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.91-4.58; p<0.001) and other vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6ae585724c46c197bbab432d https://doi.org/10.15386/mpr-2978

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Association between hypertension and microvascular and macrovascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Key Points

Study Design

Structured PICO

Main Result

Limitations

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

Association between hypertension and microvascular and macrovascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Key Points

Study Design

Structured PICO

Main Result

Limitations

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

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