Key result
Five classic and 3 novel echocardiographic signs aid evaluation across cardiovascular diseases.
Why the study?
Echocardiographic signs aid in the diagnosis of specific cardiovascular conditions and help clinicians remember key sonographic features, warranting an overview of classic signs and the proposal of three novel diagnostic and teaching signs.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
This review summarizes the definitions, naming logics, and clinical implications of five classic echocardiographic signs while proposing three novel signs (Three Pipes Sign, LTRD Sign, and LTI Sign) to aid in cardiovascular diagnosis and teaching.
Echocardiography is an important imaging modality in the assessment of cardiovascular diseases. Several echocardiographic signs have been described to aid in the diagnosis of specific clinical conditions and to help clinicians remember the key sonographic features. This review summarizes five classic signs in echocardiography, including the McConnell’s Sign, the D-Sign, the 60:60 Sign, the SAM Sign, and the Swinging Heart Sign, as well as three novel signs, the Three Pipes Sign, the LTRD Sign, and the LTI Sign. This review aims to provide an overview of the classic echocardiographic signs, focusing on their naming logics, definitions, and clinical implications to facilitate a better understanding of them, and to first propose three novel signs, the Three Pipes Sign, the LTRD Sign, and the LTI Sign, which may aid in diagnosis and serve as teaching aids in echocardiography.
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Xiang Ji (2026) conducted a review in Cardiovascular diseases. Echocardiography was evaluated. Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiovascular diseases is aided by 5 classic signs (McConnell’s, D, 60:60, SAM, Swinging Heart) and 3 newly proposed signs (Three Pipes, LTRD, LTI).
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