Rekonstruksi Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui Constitutional Complaint di Indonesia

This study examines the reconstruction of the Constitutional Court’s jurisdiction through the implementation of a constitutional complaint as a mechanism for protecting citizens’ constitutional rights. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The legal materials comprise the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, statutory and regulatory instruments, Constitutional Court decisions, as well as the constitutions and relevant regulations of Germany, South Korea, and South Africa, supplemented by books, scholarly journals, and previous studies. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s constitutional rights protection framework continues to face a constitutional protection gap, as Judicial review is limited to statutory norms, while violations of constitutional rights arising from concrete acts or omissions of state organs lack an effective constitutional mechanism for redress. This study finds that such a reconstruction can be achieved by conferring constitutional complaint jurisdiction upon the Constitutional Court, expanding the standing of eligible applicants and the scope of complaints to encompass concrete acts or omissions of state organs, while adopting an adjudicative model comparable to the resolution of impeachment proceedings, supported by the principles of exhaustion of legal remedies, admissibility test, and constitutional remedy. Such jurisdiction can be established through an amendment to the Constitutional Court Law. This model would strengthen the protection of citizens’ constitutional rights while preserving the system of checks and balances under the supremacy of the Constitution. Penelitian ini menganalisis rekonstruksi kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui penerapan constitutional complaint sebagai mekanisme perlindungan hak konstitusional warga negara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif. Bahan hukum terdiri atas UUD NRI 1945, peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, serta konstitusi dan regulasi Jerman, Korea Selatan, dan Afrika Selatan, yang dilengkapi buku, jurnal, dan penelitian terdahulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme perlindungan hak konstitusional di Indonesia masih mengalami constitutional protection gap karena Judicial review hanya menjangkau norma undang-undang, sedangkan pelanggaran hak akibat tindakan konkret organ negara belum memperoleh mekanisme pemulihan konstitusional yang efektif. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa rekonstruksi dapat dilakukan melalui pemberian kewenangan constitutional complaint dengan memperluas subjek pemohon dan objek pengaduan terhadap tindakan konkret organ negara dengan mengadopsi model penyelesaian perkara impeachment, disertai prinsip exhaustion of legal remedies, admissibility test, dan constitutional remedy. Pemberian kewenangan tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui revisi Undang-Undang Mahkamah Konstitusi. Model ini memperkuat perlindungan hak konstitusional warga negara sekaligus menjaga checks and balances di bawah supremasi konstitusi.