Recent Advances in Gallium‐Based Nanorobotic‐Nanosystems for Molecular Imaging and Targeted Cancer Therapy

Gallium (Ga)‐based nanorobotics and nanosystems (NR‐NS) have shown preclinical potential for precision oncology, offering strategies to address the limitations of conventional cancer therapies. Ga exhibits biologically relevant physicochemical and anticancer properties, including disruption of iron metabolism, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and induction of cell‐death pathways. However, the safety and therapeutic efficacy of Ga‐containing nanoplatforms depend on their chemical form, dose, formulation, biodistribution, and duration of exposure. Recent studies have investigated tumour targeting using functionalised nanosystems, externally controlled propulsion, and stimulus‐responsive drug‐release strategies, while artificial intelligence (AI)‐assisted navigation remains an emerging concept. Ga‐based platforms may also integrate therapeutic and diagnostic functions, supporting the development of theranostic applications and tumour monitoring. This review critically examines recent developments in Ga‐based nanorobotic and nanoscale systems for cancer therapy, molecular imaging, targeted drug delivery, and theranostics, with particular emphasis on studies published from 2021 onwards. Key mechanistic insights, nanofabrication strategies, targeting approaches, and emerging biomedical applications are discussed. Current challenges, including biocompatibility, immune interactions, manufacturing scalability, and clinical translation, are also highlighted. Overall, Ga‐based NR‐NS may offer promising opportunities for precision oncology, although their clinical applicability, therapeutic benefits, and long‐term safety require further investigation.