Asupan Natrium dan Tekanan Darah pada Remaja: A Literature Review

Q: What is the clinical evidence from this study?

Study design: Systematic Review. Population: Hypertension / elevated blood pressure (n=2150). Intervention: Dietary sodium or salt intake vs. Lower dietary sodium or salt intake. Primary outcome: Blood pressure or hypertension.

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

The relationship between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure or hypertension in Indonesian adolescents is inconsistent across studies. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.SYNTHESIS. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

Ulil Albab Habibah; Nazwa Aliya Sari; Tsabitah Aulia; Salma Rasyidah; Asyifa Ayuning Tyas

doi:10.71203/jrkk.v3i5.188

October 31, 2026Jurnal Riset Keperawatan dan KesehatanOpen Access

Asupan Natrium dan Tekanan Darah pada Remaja: A Literature Review

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Why the study?

Adolescent hypertension risks persisting into adulthood, and although sodium intake is a contributing dietary factor, prior findings on the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure in adolescents have been inconsistent.

Does high dietary sodium or salt intake increase blood pressure or the risk of hypertension in adolescents in Indonesia?

Key Points

To determine the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure or hypertension among adolescents in Indonesia.
Conducted a literature review across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Garuda databases searching up to August 15, 2026.
Evaluated 9 studies (8 cross-sectional and 1 case-control) assessing sodium or salt exposure and blood pressure outcomes in Indonesian adolescents.
Variability in findings may be driven by potential confounders, including nutritional status, physical activity levels, psychological stress, background dietary patterns, and family medical history.

Study Design

Type

Systematic Review (n=2,150)

Structured PICO

Does high dietary sodium or salt intake increase blood pressure or the risk of hypertension in adolescents in Indonesia?

P

Population

2,150 Indonesian adolescents aged 10-19 years across 9 observational studies (8 cross-sectional, 1 case-control) evaluating dietary sodium intake and blood pressure.

E

Exposure

Dietary sodium or salt intake (measured via Food Frequency Questionnaires, Semi-Quantitative FFQ, or 24-hour dietary recalls).

C

Comparator

Lower or normal dietary sodium/salt intake.

O

Outcome

Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) or hypertension status.surrogate

Limitations

Most included studies used a cross-sectional design, preventing determination of causality.
Variations in measurement methods for sodium intake (e.g., FFQ, 24-hour recall) and blood pressure (digital vs. manual sphygmomanometers).
Differences in population characteristics (age, geographic location) and unmeasured confounding factors such as nutritional status and physical activity.
Search restricted to specific databases and English/Indonesian languages, potentially missing relevant studies.
Predominance of cross-sectional study designs prevents establishing causality
Heterogeneity in measurement instruments for dietary sodium (FFQ, SQ-FFQ, 24-hour recall) and blood pressure (manual vs. digital sphygmomanometer)
Confounding by nutritional status/BMI, physical activity, stress levels, dietary patterns, and family history
Potential publication and language bias due to database and language (English and Indonesian) restrictions

Ask about this paper

Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.

Implication

Evidence linking dietary sodium intake to hypertension in Indonesian adolescents is inconsistent across observational studies, highlighting the strong confounding influence of obesity, physical inactivity, stress, and genetics.

Abstract

Background: Hypertension in adolescents is a growing health problem that carries the risk of persisting into adulthood. One dietary factor that plays a role is sodium intake. However, research findings on the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure in adolescents remain inconsistent. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure in adolescents in Indonesia. Methods: This study employed a literature review design using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Garuda databases up to August 15, 2026. The study subjects were adolescents in Indonesia with exposure defined as sodium or salt intake, and outcome defined as blood pressure or hypertension. A total of 9 studies were included in this review (8 cross-sectional and 1 case-control). Result: The results remain inconsistent, with some studies finding a significant association and others finding none. Conclusion: The relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure in adolescents in Indonesia remains inconsistent. These differing results may be influenced by other factors such as nutritional status, physical activity, stress levels, dietary patterns, and family history.

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Cite This Study

Habibah et al. (2026) conducted a systematic review in Hypertension / elevated blood pressure (n=2,150). Dietary sodium or salt intake vs. Lower dietary sodium or salt intake was evaluated on Blood pressure or hypertension.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6ae7d421edffb49629410477 https://doi.org/10.71203/jrkk.v3i5.188

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