Advances in electrode materials and interfacial chemistry of lithium-ion-based energy storage devices

Recently, lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have emerged as a new energy-storage technology that combines the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors. Their development has been driven by the growing demand for electrified transportation, stationary grid-storage systems, and portable electronic devices. In this review, recent advances in electrode materials and electrolyte chemistry, as well as interfacial phenomena for performance evaluation of LIBs and LICs, are discussed. Various carbon anodes and cathodes, transition metal oxides, phosphates, and chalcogenide-layered materials, as well as aqueous, nonaqueous, solid-state, and gel-polymer electrolytes used in LIBs and LICs are reviewed. Performance comparisons among electrode materials and full cells are presented, and the limitations of using metal electrodes, as well as strategies to improve them, are evaluated. The kinetic trade-off between the battery anode and the capacitor cathode, the balancing of electrode mass ratios, and the SEI/CEI interphases under high-voltage and high-rate regimes are considered in detail, along with recycling technologies and environmentally friendly synthesis routes for biomass-based electrode materials. Through systematic comparison of materials, mechanisms, performance, and degradation pathways, this review offers a practical approach to screening suitable electrode-electrolyte pairs for safer, more durable, and higher-performing future LIBs and LICs.