Near field wireless power transfer for electric vehicles (EVs) charging: challenges and issues

Wireless power transfer (WPT) provides a novel method for charging electric vehicles (EVs) without physical connectors, thereby enhancing safety, user convenience and automation. This article surveys recent progress in static as well as in-motion WPT systems, with emphasis on design fundamentals, performance enhancement and practical deployment. Three principal themes are considered: circuit topology, coil geometry, and system integration. To assess coupling effectiveness, misalignment tolerance, magnetic field pattern and ease of manufacture, rectangular, circular, double-D (DD) and bipolar (BP) coil layouts are analysed. The study also examines key compensation and converter networks, and in particular how they influence transfer efficacy, soft-switching operation and stability across diverse coupling conditions. Challenges linked to dynamic charging, including segment switching, coil alignment, and power control during vehicle movement, are addressed. Control approaches, power management strategies and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are compared. Finally, existing research gaps and future directions are identified to support the development of more standardised, highly efficient and economical WPT solutions for both stationary and dynamic EV charging, enabling broader adoption and improved interoperability across platforms and use cases worldwide today.