Surgical Anatomy of the Posterior Foot Region in the Context of Calcaneal and Talus Fracture Treatment

Fractures of the calcaneus and talus are among the most complex injuries of the hind foot, requiring precise anatomical orientation to select the optimal surgical approach, achieve accurate fracture reduction, and ensure stable fixation. This study aimed to synthesize contemporary anatomical, topographic, and clinical data that inform surgical decision-making in the treatment of calcaneal and talar fractures, with a focus on minimizing postoperative complications. An information-analytical approach was employed, incorporating a systematic review of scientific literature, morphological and clinical analyses, and statistical evaluation of complication rates and correlations between fracture localization and the topography of vascular and neural structures. High-risk zones identified during surgical interventions include areas of the calcaneus containing nutrient foramina transmitting the medial and lateral calcaneal arteries, branches of the posterior tibial and fibular arteries, and the tarsal sinus. The study also highlights the influence of ligamentous and tendinous structures on fragment displacement and implant selection. Preoperative consideration of anatomical and biomechanical parameters was shown to reduce the risk of avascular necrosis, post-traumatic arthrosis, and neurological injury. The findings emphasize that detailed knowledge of hindfoot surgical anatomy is essential for successful osteosynthesis and improved functional outcomes.