Peripheral Neuropathies: A Comprehensive Academic Review

Peripheral neuropathies constitute a heterogeneous spectrum of disorders affecting peripheral nerve cells and fibers, manifesting as secondary complications across diverse pathological states. These conditions involve cranial nerves, spinal nerve roots and ganglia, nerve trunks and their divisions, and autonomic nervous system components.[1] The classification of peripheral neuropathies encompasses mononeuropathies, multifocal neuropathies, and polyneuropathies, with further subclassification into axonal, demyelinating, or mixed categories—a distinction essential for treatment and management.[2] This comprehensive review examines the etiological foundations, epidemiological patterns, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical evaluation strategies, and therapeutic approaches relevant to peripheral neuropathy management. The most frequently encountered symptoms include numbness and paresthesias, with pain, weakness, and loss of deep tendon reflexes potentially accompanying these manifestations. Peripheral neuropathies typically develop over months to years, though some may progress more rapidly. The severity and clinical manifestations vary broadly, as these disorders can affect motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers. Understanding the nuanced interplay between underlying etiology and pathophysiological mechanism remains fundamental to optimizing patient outcomes through interprofessional collaboration.