Phytosanitary Monitoring of Stem Rust (Puccinia Graminis Pers.) and Other Fungal Diseases of Spring Barley in South-Eastern Kazakhstan

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important crops, extensively cultivated in various countries worldwide.It plays a crucial role in the food sector, livestock farming, and the brewing industry, with its drought tolerance proving its cultivation in various climatic zones.The barley's economic values reveal distinction in the versatility of its byproducts: uses of grains serve as feed and as a raw material in the food industry, while its straw has become a promising source of biomass and cellulose for energy and industrial needs.Barley yields in Kazakhstan and globally received considerable effects from the occurrence of various fungal diseases.Rust, Helminthosporium leaf spot, and Fusarium wilt cause significant reduction in crop quality and quantity, resulting in enormous economic losses.Therefore, the consequent study transpired on a typical spring barley plot in Southeastern Kazakhstan.Using a route-based phytosanitary survey, the study identified main types of fungal infections as well as assessed their further development based on prevalence and intensity.The data on the climatic conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation, garnered recordings throughout the growing season, allowing us to determine their impact on the development and progression of fungal diseases.