Halal Tourism Regulation in Southeast Asia: A Maqāṣid Al-Sharī’ah-Based Evaluation of Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam

The growth of halal tourism has encouraged Southeast Asian countries to draft halal regulations, but the suitability of its substance with sharia purposes has never been measured comparatively. This article aims to assess and compare the suitability of halal regulations related to tourism in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam to maqāṣid al-sharī'ah. The research uses normative-empirical legal methods that are descriptive-comparative with legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The regulation was assessed through 15 indicators in the five dimensions of ḍarūriyyāt summarized in the Maqāṣid Conformity Index (IKM), then confirmed through interviews and observations in Bangkok, Sapa, and Hanoi. The results showed that Indonesia was in the high category (73.3%), medium Vietnam (53.3%), and Thailand low (40.0%). The strengths of the three countries are concentrated in ḥifẓ al-dīn, ḥifẓ al-nafs, and ḥifẓ al-māl, while ḥifẓ al-nasl is a common loophole. These findings confirm that regulatory suitability is determined by the binding power of legal instruments and policy orientation, not by the size of the Muslim population. This article recommends strengthening the binding power of sharia tourism norms in Indonesia, binding Muslim-friendly service standards in Thailand, and expanding the scope of regulation and post-certification supervision in Vietnam. Keywords: maqāṣid al-sharī'ah; halal tourism; halal regulation; comparative studies; Southeast Asia Abstrak: Pertumbuhan pariwisata halal mendorong negara-negara Asia Tenggara menyusun regulasi halal, tetapi kesesuaian substansinya dengan tujuan syariah belum pernah diukur secara komparatif. Artikel ini bertujuan menilai dan membandingkan kesesuaian regulasi halal yang berkaitan dengan pariwisata di Indonesia, Thailand, dan Vietnam terhadap maqāṣid al-sharī’ah. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif-empiris yang bersifat deskriptif-komparatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan. Regulasi dinilai melalui 15 indikator dalam lima dimensi ḍarūriyyāt yang dirangkum dalam Indeks Kesesuaian Maqāṣid (IKM), lalu dikonfirmasi melalui wawancara dan observasi di Bangkok, Sapa, dan Hanoi. Hasilnya menunjukkan Indonesia berada pada kategori tinggi (73,3%), Vietnam sedang (53,3%), dan Thailand rendah (40,0%). Kekuatan ketiga negara terkonsentrasi pada ḥifẓ al-dīn, ḥifẓ al-nafs, dan ḥifẓ al-māl, sedangkan ḥifẓ al-nasl menjadi celah bersama. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa kesesuaian regulasi ditentukan oleh daya ikat instrumen hukum dan orientasi kebijakan, bukan oleh besarnya populasi Muslim. Artikel ini merekomendasikan penguatan daya ikat norma pariwisata syariah di Indonesia, standar layanan ramah Muslim yang mengikat di Thailand, serta perluasan cakupan regulasi dan pengawasan pascasertifikasi di Vietnam. Kata kunci: maqāṣid al-sharī’ah; pariwisata halal; regulasi halal; studi komparatif; Asia Tenggara