Haze-Based study of perovskite solar cells under outdoor and indoor illumination

Surface texturization offers a route to improve light harvesting in thin-film perovskite solar cells, but its benefit depends critically on the interface at which scattering is introduced. Here, we combine transfer-matrix optical modelling with haze-based diffuse scattering and drift–diffusion simulations in SILVACO-ATLAS to screen six internal interfaces of an inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cell. A full 2 6 factorial design identifies a multiple-diffusive-interface configuration, with texturization at the glass/ indium tin oxide (ITO), hole transporting layer (HTL)/perovskite, perovskite/C 60 , and C 60 /SnO x interfaces, while keeping the ITO/HTL and SnO x /Ag interfaces planar. Under AM1.5G illumination, this configuration increases the simulated power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 21.16 % to 23.29 %, mainly through enhanced J sc . The Gaussian angular distribution function provides the best angular redistribution, although its contribution is secondary (+0.14 % absolute). Under standardized indoor spectra at 1000 lx, the optimized configuration reaches simulated PCE values of 27.40 % under light emitting diode LED-B4 and 26.26 % under fluorescent lamp FL10. These values should be regarded as comparative upper-bound predictions because the static model does not explicitly describe mobile-ion redistribution and uses calibrated but idealized interfacial recombination parameters. Experimental haze measurements on textured glass substrates are used to parameterize the reflectance haze model, supporting the physical plausibility of the haze-parameter range used in the simulations. These results support interface-selective texturization as a simulation-based design guideline for balancing optical enhancement and interfacial losses under outdoor and indoor illumination.