Telemedicine and Digital Seizure Tracking for Epilepsy in Indonesian Primary Healthcare: A Narrative Review of Opportunities and Challenges

Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million people worldwide, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where treatment gaps remain substantial. In Indonesia, uneven specialist distribution and limited diagnostic resources may constrain epilepsy care. International studies indicate that telemedicine improves access, patient satisfaction, and appointment attendance, although improvement in seizure control is less consistently demonstrated. App-based seizure diaries improve recording precision compared with paper diaries in specialist settings, whereas wearable seizure detection is supported mainly for tonic-clonic seizures. Indonesian evidence indicates limitations in diagnostic resources and uneven healthcare workforce distribution, while national internet-use statistics suggest opportunities for digital health development. No Indonesian trial of telemedicine or digital seizure tracking for epilepsy was identified in this review. A hybrid model combining teleconsultation, clinician-reviewed seizure and medication records, paper and telephone alternatives, and assisted digital access is proposed as a starting point. Implementation should proceed through phased feasibility research that evaluates clinical safety, accessibility, acceptability, cost, and workflow integration within Indonesian primary healthcare before wider adoption. This narrative review, without systematic screening, examines the feasibility and potential benefits of telemedicine and digital seizure tracking in Indonesian primary healthcare, drawing on international evidence and Indonesian contextual data.