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Criteria recommended by ACI Committee 408 on development and lap splice length design for straight reinforcing bars in tension are presented in code format and compared with those in ACI 318-05, Building Code Recommendations for Structural Concrete. The recommended criteria produce designs with improved reliability compared to those in ACI 318. Development lengths are longer than those in ACI 318 for conditions of low cover or confinement, but shorter for bars with higher degrees of confinement, provided by added cover and transverse reinforcement and wider spacing between bars, and for normalweight concretes with strengths between 10,000 and 16,000 psi (70 and 110 MPa).
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Darwin et al. (2005) studied this question.
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