Children’s and Parents’ Perspectives on Universal Free School Meals in Wales: A Mixed Methods Study on Health, Well-being and Barriers to Uptake

Background: Universal Free School Meals (UFSM) were introduced by the Welsh Government in 2022 to provide every primary school child (aged 4-11) with a free meal at lunchtime by 2024, aiming to improve nutrition and reduce inequality. Evidence suggests UFSM can support dietary quality and social inclusion; however, uptake remains inconsistent and concerns have been raised regarding meal quality and portion sizes. Aims/objectives: This study explored the perceptions of children and parents regarding the rollout of UFSM in Wales, focusing on perceived health, well-being and social impacts, while identifying factors influencing non-uptake. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted, combining qualitative focus groups with year 6 children across eight primary schools in Wales. A cross-sectional survey was completed by 410 parents from 110 Welsh primary schools. Qualitative data from focus groups and open-ended survey questions were analysed thematically while closed-ended survey items were analysed descriptively to complement qualitative findings. Results: Three themes emerged from the children's data: (1) The Food Experience, (2) The Social Value of Lunchtime and (3) Fuel for Learning and Feeling Good. Children valued the social and emotional aspects of mealtimes but reported mixed experiences with food quality, variety and portion sizes. Parents expressed concerns about meal nutritional quality but also highlighted benefits in reducing financial strain, stress and daily time pressures. Conclusions: UFSM is widely supported for promoting inclusion and access to food. However, improving meal quality, portion sizes and menu diversity is essential to sustain participation and maximise the policy's long-term health and equity benefits.