Inclusionary geoeconomics and the reproduction of U.S. hegemony in Egypt

Egypt occupies a central position in the U.S.-led Middle Eastern order. This article examines U.S. policy toward Egypt since 2015 through inclusionary geoeconomics, arguing that economic instruments reproduce hegemony by organizing dependence and institutionalizing alignment and order maintenance. Foreign aid, military financing, defense procurement, multilateral finance, trade, investment, and conditionality connect Egypt, particularly its military establishment, to U.S.-led security and economic structures. These mechanisms operate through institutionalized conditionality, structural dependence, and system-level integration. While they do not eliminate Egyptian agency, they structure the conditions under which policy choices are made in a strategically vital regional setting within the U.S.-led order.