Cyber Diplomacy in the Age of Technological Sovereignty: The UN Normative Framework and the Strategic Approaches of the United States, the European Union and Japan Tina ANDO

Cyber diplomacy is emerging in contemporary international relations as an important field of foreign policy, international security, digital governance and technological sovereignty.The article is based on the assumption that cyber diplomacy is no longer merely a response to individual cyber incidents, but a systemic instrument of state and international action.It analyses the role of the United Nations as a global normative pillar and compares the strategic approaches of the United States, the European Union and Japan.The UN provides a minimum common framework for responsible state behaviour, the United States emphasises strategic competition and digital solidarity, the EU focuses on regulatory power and strategic autonomy, while Japan links cybersecurity, economic security and regional resilience.The central finding is that cyber diplomacy is becoming a permanent capability of contemporary international relations, as it connects norms, security, technology, industrial policy and the resilience of the digital order.