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Ten years later, this text aims to assess Dilma Rousseff’s ouster, assuming as a reference point the involvement of the military. Methodologically, it draws upon a review of relevant literature. It is organized into four parts: a discussion of military tutelage as a structural feature in Brazil; the changes implemented by Bolsonaro following Rousseff’s ouster; a synthesis of military issues that persisted into the third Lula administration; and a set of concerns regarding a defense policy suited to a vision of a sovereign and popular Brazil in a world of proliferating armed conflicts and the strategic reorientation of the United States.
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Oliveira et al. (2026) studied this question.
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