Clinical Pharmacology in Transgender Medicine: What Gaps Remain?

Mechanistic information is limited about the effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy and the unique factors that influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of medications across therapeutic classes for transgender people. Opportunities exist to address knowledge gaps in transgender medicine using well-designed probe substrate studies, endogenous biomarkers of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, and real-world data to identify and address factors that contribute to interindividual variability in drug disposition for transgender people across the life course.