The role of thyroid hormonal activity in the development and progression of cardiovascular pathology (literature review)

Background. Cardiovascular diseases are the most common pathology that reduces the quality and duration of life of patients. The functional state of the thyroid gland has a significant impact on the activity of the cardiovascular system, and thyroid diseases are identified as risk factors for cardiovascular pathology. Therefore, both hyper- and hypothyroidism exert their influence on the cardiovascular system through numerous mechanisms, causing functional and structural changes, the manifestation of which is a variety of diseases. In recent years, subclinical manifestations of thyroid dysfunction have been actively studied, which requires generalization and determination of further research directions. Aim: to analyze and summarize data from literary sources over the past decade on the features of the thyroid hormone influence on the cardiovascular system and to assess the role of thyroid hormonal activity in the development and progression of cardiovascular pathology. Materials and methods. An analysis was made of literary and electronic sources on the thyroid hormone influence on the functional state of the cardiovascular system and the determination of their role as risk factors for the development and progression of cardiovascular pathology. A search for literary sources was conducted in Google electronic databases for the period from 2016 to 2025 using the keywords: thyroid hormones, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease. Results. The results of the analysis indicate a multifaceted effect of thyroid hormones on almost all components of the cardiovascular continuum. Hormonal dysfunction of the thyroid gland increases cardiovascular risk, hyperthyroidism can cause the development of pulmonary hypertension. Hormonal imbalance can initiate the development and progression of atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, heart arrhythmia, and also cause the development and progression of heart failure. In recent years, subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism have been actively studied. Timely detection and diagnosis of thyroid hormone imbalance and the prescription of therapy defined by international standards helps reduce clinical manifestations and progression of cardiovascular pathology. Conclusions. Thyroid dysfunction causes significant cardiovascular disorders. Thyroid hormones exerts various effects on the cardiovascular system under physiological conditions, which are mediated mainly by intracellular receptors, as well as by non-genomic pathways. Based on the understanding of the cellular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action on the cardiovascular system, it is possible to explain the mechanism of cardiac output, heart contractility, blood pressure, vascular resistance and rhythm disturbances that arise as a result of thyroid dysfunction. Modern analysis and awareness of an imbalance of regulatory systems caused by hyper- and hypothyroidism creates the prerequisites for the search for effective molecules of comprehensive action and effective therapy of cardiovascular diseases initiated and caused by hormonal dysfunction of the thyroid gland.