Key result
~45% of heart failure patients in Hargeisa smoke, alongside widespread physical inactivity and poor diet.
Why the study?
Evidence on lifestyle-related health-promotion needs, including cigarette smoking, physical activity, and dietary patterns, among adults receiving heart-failure care in Somaliland is scarce.
Cross-Sectional (n=200)
No
This cross-sectional survey highlights a high burden of modifiable lifestyle risk factors—smoking, physical inactivity, and suboptimal diet—among adults receiving specialist heart failure care in Somaliland, underscoring the need for integrated lifestyle screening and support.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
High lifestyle risk burden in Somaliland HF patients supports screening; leaves open intervention effects on outcomes.
Background Evidence on lifestyle-related health-promotion needs among people receiving heart- failure care in Somaliland is scarce. This study estimated the prevalence of self-reported cigarette smoking, lack of regular physical activity, and self-rated dietary patterns among adults with heart failure attending a specialist cardiac center in Hargeisa. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in March 2026 among 200 adults with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure who were recruited at Indo Gargaar Metro Cardiac Center. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire assessed self-reported cigarette smoking, regular physical activity, and self-rated diet. Categorical data were summarized using frequencies, percentages, and 95% Wilson confidence intervals (CIs). The analysis was descriptive because all participants had heart failure and no comparison group or longitudinal outcome was available. Results Of the 200 participants, 149 (74.5%) were men, 98 (49.0%) were aged 60 years or older, and 148 (74.0%) lived in urban areas. Self-reported cigarette smoking was reported by 90 participants (45.0%; 95% CI: 38.3–51.9), while 117 reported no regular physical activity (58.5%; 95% CI: 51.6–65.1). Nine participants (4.5%) rated their diet as healthy, 147 (73.5%) as moderate, and 44 (22.0%) as unhealthy. Overall, 191 (95.5%; 95% CI: 91.7–97.7) did not rate their diet as healthy. Conclusion Self-reported cigarette smoking, reported inactivity, and perceived suboptimal diet were common in this clinic-based sample. Heart-failure services should incorporate standardized lifestyle screening, individualized education, and culturally appropriate smoking-cessation, activity, and nutrition support. These findings describe patients receiving specialist care and should not be interpreted as population prevalence or as evidence that the measured behaviors caused heart failure.
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Osman et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Heart failure (n=200). Lifestyle risk indicators (cigarette smoking, lack of regular physical activity, suboptimal self-rated diet) was evaluated on Prevalence of self-reported cigarette smoking (95% CI 38.3-51.9). Among adults with heart failure in Hargeisa, 45.0% reported cigarette smoking, 58.5% reported no regular physical activity, and 95.5% did not rate their diet as healthy.
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