Socioeconomic Impacts of the El Niño Phenomenon in the United States: Vulnerability, Mitigation, and Institutional Adaptations in the Educational and Labor Sectors

This research paper analyzes the macroeconomic, agronomic, and localized impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the United States. It examines financial losses, identifies demographic and regional vulnerabilities (focusing on California, Florida, and the Gulf Coast), and explores structural adaptations. Special emphasis is placed on policy recommendations for public health infrastructure, school curricula, educational contingency plans (online vs. in-person modalities), and labor dynamics— specifically agricultural and manual labor—required to mitigate productivity drops, hospital strain, and health risks during extreme climate variations.