Hukum Membatalkan Puasa Tanpa Adanya Masyaqqah dalam Keadaan Safar Menurut Mazhab Maliki dan Mazhab Syafii

Fasting during Ramadan is a religious obligation incumbent upon every legally accountable Muslim. This study aims to examine the views of the Mālikī and Shāfiʿī schools regarding the ruling on breaking the Ramadan fast in the absence of mashaqqah while travelling in a state of safar. It also comparatively analyzes the legal reasoning of both schools in determining the relationship between safar, mashaqqah, ʿillah, and ḥikmah, as well as the legal consequences of breaking the fast, particularly qaḍāʾ and kaffārah. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method based on library research, with a primary focus on examining classical texts and manuscripts. The data are analyzed using normative and comparative approaches. The findings indicate that both the Mālikī and Shāfiʿī schools recognize a journey that fulfils the requirements of Islamic law as a valid basis for permitting a traveller not to fast during Ramadan, provided that the missed fast is made up on another day. The principal difference between the two schools concerns the ruling on breaking the fast after it has already begun. The Mālikī school prohibits a traveller from breaking the fast without a valid legal excuse and requires both qaḍāʾ and kaffārah. In contrast, the Shāfiʿī school permits a traveller to break the fast throughout the journey, with the obligation of qaḍāʾ but without kaffārah. This study is expected to clarify the distinction between permissibility, priority, and legal consequences in the application of rukhsah in the context of modern travel.