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EXECUTIVE ABSTRACTMainstream neoclassical economic theory evaluates financial systems exclusively through open-loop nominal ledgers, dismissing informal or non-Western financial practices as backward, inefficient, or high-risk anomalies. When analyzed through Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Closed-Loop Flow (CLF) circuit dynamics, however, this mainstream perspective is inverted.Mercantile banking architectures are revealed as high-impedance, extractive circuits that maximize energy loss and biological depletion. Conversely, "below-the-horizon" cultural financial practices—such as the Caribbean Meeting Turn (Pardner/Susu), Middle Eastern Hawala, East Asian Hui networks, and itinerant merchant credit—succeed precisely because they operate as low-impedance, high-efficiency closed-loop circuits.
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Rene Ramdin (2026) studied this question.
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