Key result
Biphasic ZnP coating cuts zinc wire anodic dissolution ~33% while promoting rapid endothelialization.
Why the study?
Permanent venous stents can cause late biological and mechanical complications, motivating biodegradable alternatives. Although zinc has a favorable degradation profile for vascular implants, uncontrolled zinc ion release may impair endothelial repair, particularly under low-flow venous conditions.
Does a biphasic zinc phosphate conversion coating improve degradation control, vascular remodeling, and systemic biocompatibility compared to uncoated zinc in a rat inferior vena cava wire implantation model?
Does a biphasic zinc phosphate conversion coating improve degradation control, vascular remodeling, and systemic biocompatibility compared to uncoated zinc in a rat inferior vena cava wire implantation model?
A microwave-assisted biphasic zinc phosphate coating stabilizes early zinc degradation and promotes >80% endothelialization without systemic toxicity in a rat vena cava model, supporting its potential for biodegradable venous stent development.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
ZnP coating on zinc may limit endothelial impairment under venous flow; leaves open translation to clinical biodegradable stents.
Permanent venous stents can cause late biological and mechanical complications, motivating the development of biodegradable alternatives. Zinc has a favorable degradation profile for vascular implants, but uncontrolled zinc ion release may impair endothelial repair, particularly under low-flow venous conditions. In this study, a biphasic zinc phosphate (ZnP) conversion coating was formed on pure zinc by microwave-assisted processing and evaluated in vitro and in a rat inferior vena cava wire implantation model as a proof of concept. The coating comprised granular zinc phosphate domains and sodium zinc phosphate crystals, exhibited strong interfacial integrity, and supported endothelial cell attachment and migration while reducing smooth muscle cell metabolic activity and migration. In vivo, uncoated zinc was associated with delayed tissue maturation, persistent local inflammation, and transient hepatic and hematological responses. The ZnP coating remained largely intact at two weeks and underwent gradual microscale degradation by four weeks. Quantitative degradation analysis revealed that the ZnP coating significantly mitigated early anodic dissolution of the zinc substrate by approximately 33% at two weeks and maintained a stable in vivo corrosion rate of 0.13 mm/y at four weeks. Coated implants showed a significantly higher CD31-positive endothelial coverage exceeding 80% compared to the uncoated group, accompanied by more organized collagen deposition, normal hematological parameters, no histopathological abnormalities in major organs, and no sustained increase in serum zinc levels. These findings indicate that the biphasic ZnP coating can mitigate zinc degradation and improve local and systemic biocompatibility in a venous environment, demonstrating the preliminary efficacy of this wire-based proof-of-concept model for supporting the future design of biodegradable zinc-based venous stents.
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Chin-En et al. (2026) studied Venous stenting / vascular remodeling (preclinical rat inferior vena cava wire implantation model and in vitro cell assays). Biphasic zinc phosphate (ZnP) conversion coating on pure zinc wire vs. Uncoated pure zinc wire was evaluated on In vivo degradation rate, endothelial coverage (CD31-positive), vascular remodeling, and systemic biocompatibility at 2 and 4 weeks (33% reduction in early anodic dissolution at 2 weeks; >80% CD31-positive endothelial coverage). Biphasic ZnP coating on zinc wires reduced early anodic dissolution by ~33% at 2 weeks, maintained a 0.13 mm/y corrosion rate at 4 weeks, and achieved >80% CD31-positive endothelial coverage.
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