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This article aims to identify and analyze the technical and operational innovations that shaped light rail systems in Europe up to its present form. To meet this objective, a literature review was conducted, resulting in the detection of 13 significant advancements, from the high-capacity, articulated vehicle to visually sensitive off-wire operation. The analysis of these improvements has allowed a deeper understanding of their benefits, implications, and evolution. In addition, the development of a taxonomy of innovations has contributed to highlighting the prominent role played by some of them, specifically those that promoted the social acceptance and urban integration of light rail transit (LRT).
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Rico-Pinazo et al. (2026) studied this question.
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