The Convergence of Customary Sanctions and State Criminal Sanctions: An Analysis of Legal Certainty and Human Rights Protection

Indonesia adheres to legal pluralism that places customary law side by side with national criminal law. The recognition of the law that lives in society in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (National Criminal Code) opens up a space for convergence between customary sanctions and state criminal sanctions, but at the same time raises the issue of legal certainty and potential human rights (HAM) violations. This study aims to analyze the form of convergence of the two types of sanctions, their implications for legal certainty, and the mechanism for human rights protection in their application. The research uses a normative juridical method with legislative, conceptual, and case approaches. The results of the analysis show that convergence is realized through the recognition of the principle of material legality, additional penalties in the form of fulfillment of customary obligations, as well as restrictions through Regional Regulations and human rights principles. Legal certainty can only be maintained if customary law is documented and formalized in local regulations, while human rights protection requires strict limits in the form of prohibition of sanctions that degrade dignity, the principle of ne bis in idem, and judicial supervision.